Science and Technology refers to the systematic study of the natural world (science) and the practical application of that knowledge using tools and systems (technology) to solve problems and improve life.
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Science = Understanding how things work (theories, principles)
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Technology = Using that knowledge to create tools and solutions
🌐 IMPORTANCE IN GENERAL AWARENESS
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Enhances understanding of innovation, space, health, and communication
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Common in current affairs, interviews, and GS papers
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Affects all fields: defence, space, medicine, IT, environment
🔬 MAJOR AREAS OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
🧪 1. BASIC SCIENCE CONCEPTS
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Laws of Motion, Electricity, Magnetism
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Periodic Table, Acids, Bases, Salts
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Photosynthesis, Respiration, Human Body Systems
🚀 2. SPACE TECHNOLOGY
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ISRO (Indian Space Research Organisation)
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Chandrayaan-3 – Moon mission (2023)
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Aditya L1 – Solar observation mission
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Gaganyaan – Human spaceflight program
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NASA, ESA, ROSCOSMOS – International agencies
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Satellites: INSAT, GSAT, IRNSS, Cartosat
💻 3. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
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Artificial Intelligence (AI)
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Machine Learning
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Blockchain
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Quantum Computing
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Cybersecurity
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5G Technology
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Cloud Computing
🧬 4. BIOTECHNOLOGY & HEALTH
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DNA, Genes, Genome
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Vaccines (e.g., Covaxin, Covishield)
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Stem Cell Therapy
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Cloning
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CRISPR Technology
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Bioinformatics
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mRNA Technology (used in COVID vaccines)
🔬 5. NUCLEAR SCIENCE
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Fission vs Fusion
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Nuclear Reactors: Kakrapar, Kudankulam
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Nuclear Power Plants in India
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Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC)
🛰️ 6. DEFENCE TECHNOLOGY
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DRDO (Defence Research and Development Organisation)
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Missile Programs: Agni, Prithvi, BrahMos
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Tejas Fighter Jet
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INS Arihant (Nuclear Submarine)
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Anti-satellite Missile Test (Mission Shakti)
⚛️ 7. RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGY
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Solar Energy
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Wind Power
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Hydropower
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Tidal Energy
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Bioenergy
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National Solar Mission
🇮🇳 MAJOR INDIAN SCIENTIFIC ORGANISATIONS
| Organisation | Function |
|---|---|
| ISRO | Space research and satellite launch |
| DRDO | Defence technology development |
| BARC | Nuclear research and energy |
| CSIR | Multidisciplinary scientific research |
| ICMR | Medical research |
| ICAR | Agricultural research |
| IISc / IITs | Higher technical education & research |
🧠 MAJOR INDIAN SCIENTISTS
| Scientist | Contribution |
|---|---|
| C.V. Raman | Raman Effect – Nobel Prize in Physics (1930) |
| A.P.J. Abdul Kalam | Missile Man of India |
| Homi Bhabha | Father of Indian Nuclear Programme |
| Vikram Sarabhai | Father of Indian Space Program |
| Venkatraman Ramakrishnan | Nobel Prize in Chemistry (2009) |
| M.S. Swaminathan | Father of Green Revolution in India |
📝 Practice Question - Science & Technology
Q1. What is the full form of ISRO?
a) Indian Scientific Research Organisation
b) Indian Space Research Organisation
c) International Space Research Organisation
d) Indian Satellite Rocket Organisation
✅ Answer: b) Indian Space Research Organisation
Q2. Chandrayaan-3 was launched to study:
a) Mars
b) Jupiter
c) Moon
d) Sun
✅ Answer: c) Moon
Q3. Which Indian scientist is known as the "Missile Man of India"?
a) Vikram Sarabhai
b) A.P.J. Abdul Kalam
c) Homi Bhabha
d) Satish Dhawan
✅ Answer: b) A.P.J. Abdul Kalam
Q4. What is the name of India’s solar mission?
a) Suryayaan
b) Aditya L1
c) Solar Scout
d) Aryabhata II
✅ Answer: b) Aditya L1
Q5. Which organization develops missiles like Agni and BrahMos?
a) ISRO
b) DRDO
c) BARC
d) CSIR
✅ Answer: b) DRDO
Q6. What is the use of CRISPR technology?
a) Satellite launching
b) Internet speed boost
c) Gene editing
d) Fuel production
✅ Answer: c) Gene editing
Q7. The principle used in nuclear fission is:
a) Fusion of atoms
b) Splitting of atoms
c) Compression of gas
d) Dissolving salt
✅ Answer: b) Splitting of atoms
Q8. Which of the following is a renewable energy source?
a) Coal
b) Diesel
c) Solar
d) Natural Gas
✅ Answer: c) Solar
✅ Q9. What does "AI" stand for in the field of technology?
a) Artificial Interface
b) Automatic Intelligence
c) Advanced Interface
d) Artificial Intelligence
✅ Answer: d) Artificial Intelligence
✅ Q10. Who is known as the Father of the Indian Space Programme?
a) C.V. Raman
b) Homi Bhabha
c) Vikram Sarabhai
d) A.P.J. Abdul Kalam
✅ Answer: c) Vikram Sarabhai
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