Statement and Conclusion

Statement and Conclusion is a logical reasoning topic where a factual statement is given, and you're asked to identify whether a conclusion logically follows based on the statement.

• Statement: A fact or observation.

• Conclusion: An inference or judgment based on the statement.

You must assume the statement is true, no matter what general knowledge says.

🎯 Importance in Exams

• Found in Banking (IBPS, SBI), SSC, Railways, Insurance, UPSC, etc.

• Measures your critical thinking, decision-making, and logical deduction skills.

• Usually 3–5 marks in reasoning sections.

🧠 Key Concepts

🔹 What is a Conclusion?

A conclusion is a judgment that logically follows from the information provided in the statement.

🔍 Common Directions

• "Which of the following conclusion(s) follow(s)?"

• "Choose the conclusion that logically follows."

• Options often include:

  • Only I follows

  • Only II follows

  • Both I and II follow

  • Neither I nor II follows

📚 Golden Rules to Solve

1. Read the statement carefully – Don’t use outside knowledge.

2. Understand the tone – Is it factual, suggestive, or conditional?

3. Check each conclusion separately – Not both at once.

4. Eliminate emotional or biased reasoning – Logic only.

5. Assume the statement is always true, even if unrealistic.

🧾 Types of Conclusions

Type	Description	Example
Direct Conclusion	Clearly stated or implied	"All apples are fruits" → "Some apples are fruits" ✅
Negative Conclusion	Involves negation	"No boy is tall" → "Some boys are not tall" ✅
Conditional Conclusion	Based on "if...then" logic	If A happens, then B must happen
Assumed Knowledge	Try to avoid relying on it	Real-world truths are ignored

🧪 Examples and Explanations

🔸 Example 1

Statement: All pens are blue.
Conclusion I: Some pens are blue.
Conclusion II: Some blue things are pens.

✅ Answer:

• Conclusion I follows (true by default in universal statement).

• Conclusion II does not follow (reverse not always true).

🟩 Correct option: Only Conclusion I follows

🔸 Example 2

Statement: No dogs are cats.
Conclusion I: No cats are dogs.
Conclusion II: Some animals are dogs.

✅ Answer:

• Conclusion I follows (the reverse is also true for negative statements).

• Conclusion II doesn’t follow (animals are not part of the original statement).

🟩 Correct option: Only Conclusion I follows

🔸 Example 3

Statement: Some boys are intelligent.
Conclusion I: All boys are intelligent.
Conclusion II: Some intelligent beings are boys.

✅ Answer:

• I does not follow (some ≠ all)

• II follows (some boys are intelligent → intelligent beings include some boys)

🟩 Correct option: Only Conclusion II follows

🔸 Example 4

Statement: Government has decided to increase the tax on petrol and diesel.
Conclusion I: Government is not concerned about poor people.
Conclusion II: Increase in tax will lead to price rise.

✅ Answer:

• I is emotionally charged – Doesn’t follow

• II is likely, but not guaranteed – Based on assumption

🟥 Correct option: Neither follows

⚖️ Useful Words That Often Indicate Conclusions

Word	Meaning
Therefore	Strong conclusion
Thus	Logical result
Hence	Implication
So	Informal conclusion
Because	Indicates reasoning

💡 Important Tips

1. Don’t assume anything not stated in the statement.

2. Be alert for trap words: All, None, Some, Always, Never.

3. Use Venn diagrams (especially in universal/some/none type statements).

4. Eliminate emotion-based or value-judgment conclusions.

5. Practice one statement at a time to master logic.

📝 Practice Questions

Statement	Conclusion I	Conclusion II	Answer
All teachers are writers	Some writers are teachers	All writers are teachers	Only I follows
Some mobiles are expensive	All mobiles are expensive	Some expensive things are mobiles	Only II follows
No books are pens	All pens are not books	Some books are not pens	Only I follows

🔚 Summary

• Statement & Conclusion tests how logically you interpret information.

• Focus on what is directly stated, not what you assume.

• Learn to break down each conclusion individually.

• Avoid real-world assumptions and stay inside the statement’s logic.